<p><p><h2><strong>Preferred Design Procedure</strong></h2>No FHWA design guidance currently exists for Bulk Infill Grouting (BIG).</p><p>Despite the lack of standard guidance, various design procedures have been developed and implemented in projects across the United States in both transportation and non-transportation related applications. The design methods, as well as construction methods, for BIG include flush grouting, karstic cavity grouting, and grout columns. The use of each design procedure depends on the application for which BIG is required. Flush grouting and grout columns are used to prevent subsidence from subsurface mine workings while karstic cavity grouting is used to prevent subsidence from sinkholes and other karst terrain. These methods are not proprietary. Summaries for each of these methods are included in this document. Table 1 provides a list of the typical inputs and outputs for design and analysis procedures.</p></p>
<p><p><h2><strong>References</strong></h2>Andromalos, K.B. and Ryan, C.R. (1988). “Subsidence Control by High Volume Grouting.” ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication 19: Mine Induced Subsidence: Effects on Engineered Structures, 53-68.</p><p>Fischer, J.A., Fischer, J.J. and Ottoson, R.S. (2003). “Grouting in Karst Terrane – Concepts and Case Histories.” ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 120: Grouting and Ground Treatment, 953-966.</p><p>Madrid, L.D., Stach, R., Murphy, B.K., and Chinault, M.W. (2005). “Estimating Grout Quantities for Residential Repairs in Central Florida Karst.” ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 144: Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, 243-249.</p><p>Ohio Department of Transportation. (1998). “Manual for Abandoned Underground Mine Inventory and Risk Assessment.” May 15.</p><p>Okonkwo, I.O., Judd, W.R. and Altschaeffl, A.G. (1988). “A Review of Some Aspects of Grouting for Mine Subsidence Control.” ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication 19: Mine Induced Subsidence, 127-146.</p><p>Stump, D.E. (1998). “Grouting to Control Coal Mine Subsidence.” ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No.80: Grouts and Grouting: A Potpourri of Projects, 128-138.</p><p>Waltham, T., Bell, F. and Culshaw, M. (2005). Sinkholes and Subsidence: Karst and Cavernous Rocks in Engineering and Construction. Chichester, UK: Praxis Publishing Ltd.</p><p>Watson, B.H., Devilbiss, T., Fischer, J.A and Fischer, J.J. (2003). “Grouting Roadway Sinkholes.” ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 122: Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, 580-590.</p><p>Woodward, J. (2005). An Introduction to Geotechnical Processes. Glasgow, Scotland: Bell & Bain Ltd.</p></p>