<p><p><h2>Review of Design Procedures</h2>Deep mixing methods can be used for a variety of applications and projects. Four main applications have been selected for this technology:<br><ol> <li>Support of Embankments</li> <li>Support of Structures</li> <li>Earth Retention</li> <li>Slope Stabilization</li></ol>A comprehensive list of references was reviewed and nine methods or design guides have been identified. Each method or design guide was reviewed for the purpose of determining appropriate procedures to be used for design and analysis of deep mixing elements for each of the four applications. Typical inputs and outputs for the design process are shown in Table 1.</p><p><em><u>Support of Embankments and Structures</u></em></p><p>The FHWA <em>Design Manual for Deep Mixing for Embankment and Foundation Support</em> contains the preferred design procedure for deep mixing for transportation embankments and structures. This method is based on the Filz et al. (2012) <em>Method for Embankments and Levees</em>. The procedure is comprehensive and discusses the pertinent issues for the complete design of deep mixed soil for this application.</p><p><em><u>Earth Retention </u></em></p><p>The Briaud and Rutherford (2010) design guidance was found to be the most comprehensive source regarding deep mixing methods for use in excavation support. There is no preferred FHWA design method. The reference does not provide a rigorous step-by-step design procedure but offers some guidance and an outline of the design steps. Further development and improvement of the design procedure is necessary. The main elements of the design guidance are summarized in a subsequent section.</p><p><em><u>Slope Stabilization </u></em></p><p>Several procedures were found to discuss relevant information for the use of deep mixing for slope stabilization, although none can be recommended as the preferred method for design. The relevant information from several procedures could be combined to aid the design. Slope stabilization shares many similarities with support of embankments and, as such, many elements in the design of deep mixing for support of embankments can be incorporated for slope stabilization. No preferred FHWA design procedure is available for this application.</p></p>
<p><p><h2><strong>References </strong></h2>Filz, G.M. (2009). "Design of Deep Mixing Support for Embankments and Levees," <em>Proc. Int. Symp. Deep Mixing & Admixture Stabilization</em>, on CD-ROM, Japanese Port and Airport Research Institution, Tokyo, 23 p.</p><p>Filz, G.M. and Templeton, A.E. (2011). “Design Guide For Levee and Floodwall Stability Using Deep-Mixed Shear Walls,” Final Report, Contract No. W912P8-07-0031, Task Order 008, Modification 007 for US Army Corps of Engineers, by Burns Cooley Dennis, Inc., Ridgeland, MS.</p><p>Filz, G., Adams, T., Navin, M., and Templeton, A.E. (2012). "Design of Deep Mixing for Support of Levees and Floodwalls," <em>Proceedings of the 4<sup>th</sup> International Conference on Grouting and Deep Mixing</em>, sponsored by Deep Foundations Institute and the Geo-Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication 228, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, Vol. 1 and 2, pp. 89-133.</p><p>Idriss, I.M. and Boulanger, R.W. (2008). <em>Soil Liquefaction During Earthquakes</em>, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute Monograph MNO-12, 235 pp.</p><p>Lambrechts, J.R. (2005). “Design manual for deep mixing to support embankments over soft ground.” US National Deep Mixing Program, Project 201.</p><p>Briaud, J.-L. and Rutherford, C.J. (2010). “Design Manual for Excavation Support using Deep Mixing Technology,” Texas A&M University, College Station.</p><p>Youd, T.L., Idriss, I.M., Andrus, R.D., Arango. I., Castro, G., Christian, J.T., Dobry, R., Finn, W.D.L., Harder, L.F., Hynes, M.E., Ishihara, K., Koester, J.P., Liao, S.S.C., Marcuson, W.F., Martin, G.R., Mitchell, J.K., Moriwaki, Y., Power, M.S., Robertson, P.K., Seed, R.B., and Stokoe, K.H. (2001). “Liquefaction Resistance of Soils: Summary Report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF Workshops on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils”, J. of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 127, No. 10, pp. 817 - 833. <a href="http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%291090-0241%282001%29127…;