<p><p><figure id='attachment_2573' style='max-width:878px' class='caption aligncenter'><img class="wp-image-2573 size-full" src="https://www.geoinstitute.org/sites/default/files/geotech-tools-uploads/…; alt="Photographs of electro-kinetic geosynthetics." width="878" height="375" /><figcaption class='caption-text'> Sample pictures of a type of electro-kinetic geosynthetics (

<p><p><strong>Reference(s):<br></strong>Barker et al. (2004)<br>Chappell And Burton (1975)<br>Dearstyne And Newman (1963)<br>Lo et al. (1991)<br>O’bannon et al. (1976)</p><p>This design procedure primarily involves conducting a field trial on a representative test section on-site with varying electrode spacing and layout, applied current, and treatment times. The advantage of this method is that it is far more representative of actual field conditions than using soil properties from laboratory testing.

<p><p><img class="aligncenter wp-image-3424 size-full" src="https://www.geoinstitute.org/sites/default/files/geotech-tools-uploads/…; style="border: 2px solid #696969;" alt="Location map for electro-osmosis project to stabilize a subgrade along Interstate 40 in Arizona." width="820" height="601" /><h2>Project Summary/Scope:</h2>The objective of this project was to create a viable soil stabilization techniqu

<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Casagrande (1983)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>Penetration tests such as Standard Penetration Tests (SPT), Cone Penetration Tests (CPT), and Dynamic Cone Penetration (DCP) tests can be used to assess the improvement in the soil strength by comparing post-treatment results with pre-treatment results.

<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Hocking (2003)<br>Hocking and Hebner (2006)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>Hocking (2003) developed an in-situ test device for determining soil liquefaction tendency and its prevention by electro-osmosis. This testing method is patented (US Patent No. 6,615,653 B1, Sep. 9, 2003). The use of this method has been demonstrated in some field studies (e.g., Hocking and Hebner 2006).

<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Dearstyne and Newman (1963)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>Dearstyne and Newman (1963) used this method where the subgrade under an existing pavement was stabilized using electro-chemical process. The process described in that reference involved using a 45,000-lb crash truck and measuring deflections at the surface using dial gauges based on a reference elevation.

<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Bjerrum et al. (1967)<br>Casagrande (1983)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>Piezometers are used to monitor ground water table and pore pressures developed in the ground. Monitoring the groundwater table is important in slope stability applications (particularly with collapsible soils), where electro-osmosis treatment has to be implemented as water level rises.

<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Casagrande (1952)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p><strong> </strong>Plate load tests are performed using static loads or dynamic impulse loads. Casagrande (1952) documented use of plate load tests to evaluate the bearing capacity of soils treated (with electro-osmosis) and untreated embankments.

<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Bjerrum et al. (1967)<br>Casagrande (1983)<br>Dearstyne and Newman (1963)<br>Glendenning et al. (2005)<br>Lo et al. (2001b)<br>Pugh (2002)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>Power monitoring involves periodically monitoring the consumption of power and electrical conductivity of the soil between electrodes during treatment. These measurements can be used for process control (QC).

<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Casagrande (1983)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>The PressureMeter Test (PMT) procedure is described in ASTM D4719-07. The PMT is used to obtain the stress-strain response of the soil in-situ. A PMT modulus and a limit pressure value are obtained from this test. Preparation for the test starts with drilling a cavity or a borehole to insert the PMT probe to the desired depth. Sometimes the PMT probe is driven into place within a casing.

<p><p><figure id='attachment_3427' style='max-width:927px' class='caption aligncenter'><img class="wp-image-3427 " style="border: 2px solid #696969;" src="https://www.geoinstitute.org/sites/default/files/geotech-tools-uploads/…; alt="Plan view diagram showing electrode placement on either side of a roadway to apply electo-osmosis to the underlying soils." width="927" height="589" />&

<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Bjerrum et al. (1967)<br>Lo et al. (2001b)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>Ground elevation change or settlement is monitored periodically during electro-osmosis treatment and is more applicable for applications where rapid consolidation of soft or weak soils is required. This method provides a simple, yet effective, means to assess improvement due to electro-osmosis. Bjerrum et al. (1967) and Lo et al.

<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Bjerrum et al. (1967)<br>Casagrande (1952)<br>Dearstyne and Newman (1963)<br>Glendinning et al. (2005)<br>Pugh (2002)<br>Hamir et al. (2001)<br>Lo et al. (2001a)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>Soil sampling from borings is an effective method for visually examining the soil and conducting appropriate laboratory testing.

<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Bjerrum et al. (1967)<br>Glendinning et al. (2005)<br>Lo et al. (2001b)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>The references above documented the use of Vane Shear Test (VST) to measure undrained shear strength of cohesive soils before, during, and after treatment.

<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Casagrande (1983)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>Water discharge monitoring at the cathodes can be an effective QC measurement if monitored over time. If the cumulative amount of water discharged with time becomes constant, it is an indication that the process can be terminated. Sometimes the process may have to be reversed to reduce non-uniformity between the electrodes.