<p><p><strong>References:<br></strong><em>Brokemper et al.

<p><p><h2>Project Summary/Scope:</h2>A new, 1- to 2-meter high railroad embankment was constructed alongside an existing railroad track. Geotextile Encased Columns (GECs) have been used in many railroad applications and were seen as an appropriate ground improvement solution given the soil conditions.</p><p>Subsurface Conditions: The embankment was to be constructed over up to 7 meters of peat, sludge, and clay with stiffness (ES) ranging from 0.7 to 2.3 MN/m2.</p><p>0.8-meter diameter GECs were used to support the embankment.

<p><p><strong>References:<br></strong><em>Brokemper et al. (2008)<br>Diehl (2002)<br>Raithel et al. (2005)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>Settlement can be measured with horizontally-laid inclinometer tubes placed on or near the geotextile encased columns. Settlement measurements can also be part of a load test on a column according to Brokemper et al.

<p><p><strong>Reference(s):<br></strong><em>Alexiew et al. (2003)<br>Raithel et al. (2005)<br>Wu et al. (2009)</em></p><p>This design procedure uses the stresses on a single column (unit cell) and surrounding soil to design the entire grid. The stresses in the model are based on stresses developed in models for granular piles. Figure 1 from Raithel et al.