Bulk-Infill Grouting Cost Information
<p><p><h2>Commentary</h2>Payment for bulk infill grouting typically consists of a drilling pay item measured by the lineal foot (LF) and a grouting pay item measured by the cubic yard (CY).
Bulk-Infill Grouting Fact Sheet
<p><p><figure id='attachment_2536' style='max-width:552px' class='caption aligncenter'><img class="wp-image-2536 size-full" src="https://www.geoinstitute.org/sites/default/files/geotech-tools-uploads/…; alt="Profile diagram of a site remediated using bulk infill grouting." width="552" height="555" /><figcaption class='caption-text'> Profile view of site remediated using Bulk In
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Bulk-Infill Grouting Specifications
Summary of Example Specifications
<p><p><h2>Summary of Example Specifications</h2>Both reviewed specifications have been selected for inclusion in this document. These example specifications provide guidance for bulk infill grouting projects but should be tailored for project site conditions and adjusted to include appropriate and relevant details found in the <em>Design Guidance </em>and <em>QC/QA Procedures</em> documents.</p><p>The specification from Healy and Head (1984) is the more applicable of the two specifications. However, elements of Elias et al. (2001) should be utilized as well.<br><div class="grayed-title"><strong>Specification Name/Number:</strong> Bulk Infill Grouting of Old Mines</div><strong>Source(s):<br></strong><em>Healy and Head (1984)</em></p><p>This specification is intended for the bulk infill grouting of abandoned mine workings. It provides detailed information on construction procedures as they relate to drilling and injecting grout. The specification is a guide specification and must be adapted for individual projects.</p><p>Since the specification is focused specifically on the infilling of mine workings, changes must be made before it can be applied towards other void-filling applications such as the infilling of voids associated with karst terrain. All of the references within the specification refer to British standards, so the references must be changed to reflect standards in the United States such as ASTM and AASHTO standards.<br><div class="grayed-title"><strong>Specification Name/Number:</strong> Void Filling Specification</div><strong>Source(s):<br></strong><em>Elias et al. (2001)</em></p><p>This document is a general void-grouting specification. The specification is actually a rock fissure grouting specification but the author states that it can be modified to pertain to void filling applications (i.e., bulk infill grouting). Unlike the Healy and Head (1984) specification, which applies for only subsurface mine workings, this specification applies for any type of subsurface voids (e.g., karst, mines, etc.).</p><p>The document has positive elements and includes commentary. However, significant modifications should be made for project site conditions and adjusted to include appropriate and relevant details found in the <em>Design Guidanc</em>e and <em>QC/QA Procedures</em> documents.</p></p>
Coring
<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Holmquist et al. (2003)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>Coring is done in mitigated areas to confirm the presence of grout. When coring is conducted, holes are rotary drilled to a point above the projected mine interval then cored through the grouted interval.
Field Quality Control Tests for Grout Mixes
<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Chuaqui and Bruce (2003)<br>Müller and Bruce (2000)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>This method utilizes various grout mix field quality control tests in order to determine and verify specific parameters related to the grout mix.
Flush Grouting
<p><p><strong>Reference(s):<br></strong><em>Andromalos and Ryan (1988)<br>Ohio Department of Transportation (1998)<br>Okonkwo et al. (1988)<br>Stump (1988)<br>Woodward (2005)</em></p><p>This procedure comprises the backfilling of a mine working within the treatment zone using a weak grout. Holes are drilled from the ground surface into the subsurface voids and grout is pumped into the voids.
Geophysical Testing
<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Holmquist et al. (2003)<br>Ohio Department of Transportation (1998)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>Ground penetrating radar (GPR) or other forms of geophysical testing may be considered as a means to verify the completion of remote placement of grout.</p></p>
Grout Columns
Reference(s):
Stump (1998)
This procedure entails the placement of low-slump grout columns in mine workings. The columns act as pillars for mine voids resulting from room and pillar mining.
Holes are drilled to the depth of the voids and are subsequently used to inject the grout to form typically conical columns. Decisions on the placement of grout columns rely heavily on knowledge of the layout of the mine void.
Grout columns are required to withstand overburden pressures to prevent crushing.
Grouting Matrix
<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Millet and Engelhardt (1982)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>The Grouting Matrix can be employed when utilizing Bulk Infill Grouting at a site characterized by karst topography and solution cavities.
I-70, Guernsey County, Ohio
<p><p><div><img class="wp-image-3353 size-full aligncenter" src="https://www.geoinstitute.org/sites/default/files/geotech-tools-uploads/…; alt="Diagram of bulk infill grouting along Interstate 70 in Guernsey County, Ohio." width="360" height="298" /></div><h2>Project Summary/Scope:</h2><div></p><p>A 13 feet (4 m) by 10 feet (3 m) deep subsidence suddenly developed in the east bound lane
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Karstic Cavity Grouting
<p><p><strong>Reference(s):<br></strong><em>Fischer and Fischer (1997)<br>Madrid et al. (2005)<br>Waltham et al. (2005)<br>Watson et al. (2003)<br>Woodward (2005)</em></p><p>Karstic cavity grouting involves the injection of grout into karstic voids and cavities to mitigate the formation and development of subsidence sinkholes.
Turnpike Service Plaza, Pennsylvania
<p><p><figure id='attachment_3355' style='max-width:715px' class='caption aligncenter'><img class="wp-image-3355 size-full" src="https://www.geoinstitute.org/sites/default/files/geotech-tools-uploads/…; alt="Overhead photograph of the Pennsylvania Turnpike Service Area where bulk infill grouting used to fill sinkholes that developed." width="715" height="426" /><figcaption class='capt
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Verification Drilling
<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Holmquist et al. (2003)<br>Ohio Department of Transportation (1998)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>Verification Drilling is used as both a quality assurance technique and a quality control technique. When bulk infill grouting is selected as the mitigation method, Verification Holes should be performed and accurately logged.