<p><p><strong>References:<br></strong><em>Serridge and Synac (2007)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>The integrity of the installed columns can be checked for depth or defects. Sonic integrity testing is a non-destructive testing method that consists of sending a low-strain wave through the column and measuring the time it takes for the wave to reflect back to the top of the column. The behavior of the wave reflection rates can indicate geometric and material properties of the pile such as the depth to the toe of the column, horizontal fractures, significant increases and decreases in cross-section of the column, changes in the soil layers, large inclusions within the pile, and significant changes in the consistency of the concrete.</p><p><strong>Accuracy and Precision</strong></p><p>Sonic integrity testing is valuable to indicate the depth of installation, horizontal fractures, significant inclusions, and significant necking. This form of testing cannot indicate minor inclusions or necking.</p><p><strong>Adequacy of Coverage</strong></p><p>A significant number of columns can be tested in a short period of time.</p><p><strong>Implementation Requirements </strong></p><p>Companies are available throughout the country to provide this type of testing. The testing requires minimal equipment, light enough to be operated by a single technician.</p><p><strong>General Comments</strong></p><p>It is not feasible or cost-effective to perform sonic integrity testing on every column. This method is most valuable to test columns that were observed to have been installed abnormally for any reason. Sonic integrity testing for VCCs is used primarily to ensure that significant inclusions have not intruded into the columns.</p></p>